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Latest Policy Briefs and Reports
Cooperative Security, Arms Control and Disarmament
A New Normal in India-Pakistan Relations in the Age of Cross-border Terrorism
Policy Brief No.222 - May, 2025 • By Ramesh Thakur
This policy brief backgrounds the killing of 26 domestic tourists in Pahalgam, Kashmir by terrorists in April 2025 and the subsequent Operation Sindoor launched by India on alleged terrorist and military targets in Pakistan. It draws comparisons with the Israel-Palestine conflict, and concludes with recommendations for both India and Pakistan to work towards normalising bilateral relationships, and for international actors such as the United Nations to encourage efforts to shift the balance towards more peace and less violence.
Afghanistan’s Climate Crisis: A Call for Decentralised and Inclusive Finance
Policy Brief No.221 - May, 2025 • By Assem Mayar
This policy brief, based on new data and analysis published by the author in the Afghanistan Analysts Network, outlines Afghanistan’s escalating economic losses due to climate change and mounting adaptation costs, institutional constraints, and possible financing pathways. Fragile governance, limited fiscal space, and international non-recognition have restricted access to climate finance, forcing the country to rely on declining humanitarian aid. It argues that, without targeted international action, Afghanistan may become a harbinger of climate injustice and systemic failure in fragile states. The brief concludes with seven policy recommendations.
Countering Human Rights Regression to Safeguard Peace
Policy Brief No.220 - May, 2025 • By Jordan Ryan
This policy brief analyses the accelerating trend of human rights regression observed in early 2025 and its implications for global peace and security. Drawing on Human Rights Watch's April 2025 report, "100 Human Rights Harms in 100 Days”, it identifies three interlinked threats: the erosion of democratic institutions, discriminatory policies targeting vulnerable populations, and the deliberate retreat from multilateral frameworks. These developments directly contradict the commitments of the 2024 UN Pact for the Future, which reaffirmed the centrality of human rights to sustainable peace. The brief concludes with strategic imperatives for governments, international organisations, civil society, and funders to reverse current backsliding and restore rights-based approaches to conflict prevention, bridging the growing gap between multilateral aspirations and national realities.
Amerika: MAGA, China, Imperial Decline, Democracy
Report No.219 - April, 2025 • By John Keane
This report examines the current rivalries between the USA and China—two entangled but differently structured empires—which are triggering mental confusions, public anxieties and political misunderstandings and fears. Getting the measure of these world-shaping dynamics should be a priority for every thinking person, but the task is hampered by much bluff and bluster, propaganda and disinformation on both sides. Confronted by Russian-style despotisms, a rising Chinese empire and an angry America bearishly in retreat and decline, democrats everywhere might realise that this is a moment of opportunity not to be wasted, a tipping point in which the future of democracy no longer depends on the approval and support of the United States. Post-imperial democracy will instead depend upon the solidarity of the shaken.
Cooperative Security, Arms Control and Disarmament
Adapting Co-operative Security: The OSCE's Challenges and Opportunities in a Fragmented World
Report No.218 - April, 2025 • By Fred Tanner
This report examines the evolution of co-operative security, the role of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in arms control, crisis management, and emerging transnational threats such as cyber risks, migration, and climate change. In the face of a shift to fragmented, self-interested policies, the OSCE now faces unprecedented challenges due to geopolitical rivalries and institutional paralysis. With its consensus-based structure increasingly obstructed, alternative mechanisms—such as coalitions of the willing, structured dialogue, and flexible diplomatic formats—are proposed to sustain co-operative security. The paper concludes by assessing the OSCE’s potential role in post-war Ukraine and the broader European security architecture.